In Kruger National Park, South Africa, a giraffe has been observed with numerous skin lesions attributed to a rare viral infection. Wildlife photographer Marius Nortje captured images of the afflicted animal, revealing extensive bumps and ulcerations on its skin.

Unveiling the Cause: Papillomavirus Infection

Experts suggest that these painful-looking lumps result from a form of papillomavirus, potentially transmitted through infected blood. This virus family is known to affect various species, including humans, where it manifests as the common sexually transmitted infection, human papillomavirus (HPV).

Gemma Campling, head veterinarian and CEO of Worldwide Vets, explained that the lesions begin as thickened plaques on the skin. These lumps grow and eventually rupture, leaving ulcerated scabs. While not inherently life-threatening, severe cases can impede an animal’s movement and feeding, or lead to fatal secondary infections.

“The tumor does not appear to be interfering with the animal’s ability to feed or see,” Campling noted, suggesting that the giraffe may live a normal lifespan despite its condition.

Cross-Species Transmission: A Rare Occurrence

In this instance, the giraffe is likely infected with bovine papillomavirus (BVP), a strain typically affecting cattle and deer. Research from the University of Pretoria in 2007 documented two giraffes in Kruger National Park exhibiting similar symptoms, with genetic analysis confirming BVP presence.

The mode of transmission is believed to involve infected blood entering cuts on the skin, necessitating close physical contact. Given that giraffes seldom engage in direct contact, it’s plausible that the virus spreads through shared contact with inanimate objects, such as trees.

Implications for Wildlife Health

This case underscores the importance of monitoring emerging diseases within wildlife populations. Understanding the transmission dynamics and potential cross-species infections is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating risks to biodiversity.